方法对比

	Behavioral Observation Coding	Spot Observation Sampling
领域	Anthropology	Anthropology
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1974	1984
提出者	Behavioral sampling tradition (Altmann), adapted to anthropology (Bernard)	Time-allocation tradition in cultural anthropology (synthesized by Gross)
类型	Systematic procedure for sampling and coding observed behavior	Instantaneous sampling procedure for estimating time allocation
开创性文献	Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behaviour, 49(3–4), 227–267.	Gross, D. R. (1984). Time allocation: a tool for the study of cultural behavior. Annual Review of Anthropology, 13, 519–558.
别名	Behavior Coding, Systematic Observation Coding, Behavioral Sampling and Coding, Observational Coding	Spot Check Sampling, Instantaneous Spot Observation, Random Spot Checks, Spot Sampling
相关	4	4
摘要	Behavioral observation coding is the systematic practice of recording who does what, when, by applying an explicit sampling rule and a predefined coding scheme to observed behaviour. Rather than jotting impressions, the observer commits in advance to a rule — focal-individual, scan, ad libitum, or continuous sampling — and to a list of mutually defined behaviour categories, so that records are reproducible and comparable. Because two trained observers should code the same scene the same way, the method also requires measuring inter-observer reliability before the data are trusted.	Spot observation sampling is a time-allocation technique in which an observer arrives at randomly chosen moments and records, instantaneously, exactly what each visible person is doing at that instant — not what they were doing before or after. Because the moments are sampled at random across the daily and seasonal round, the proportion of spot observations that fall in a given activity is an unbiased estimate of the proportion of time people spend in that activity. It turns a scatter of brief snapshots into a quantitative budget of how a community allocates its waking hours.