方法对比

	考古地层学	历史档案研究
领域	田野方法	田野方法
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	Formalized 1973–1979 (Harris Matrix); geological principle applied to archaeology from mid-19th century	19th century (formalized ~1820s–1880s)
提出者	Edward C. Harris (Harris Matrix formalization); William Smith (geological law of superposition applied to archaeology, 19th c.)	Historians and archivists; systematised through the professionalization of historical scholarship in the 19th century
类型	Field excavation and sequence recording method	Qualitative primary-source research
开创性文献	Harris, E. C. (1979). Principles of Archaeological Stratigraphy. Academic Press. ISBN: 978-0123264220	Hill, M. R. (1993). Archival Strategies and Techniques. Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0803951853
别名	stratigraphic excavation, Harris matrix method, stratigraphic sequence analysis, layer-by-layer excavation	archival research, historical document analysis, archival history, primary source research
相关	5	6
摘要	Archaeological stratigraphy is the systematic excavation and recording of soil layers, deposits, and features at an archaeological site in order to establish the relative chronological sequence of human activity. Grounded in the geological law of superposition — that lower layers are older than those above — it uses the Harris Matrix as a formal tool to map depositional relationships and reconstruct site history layer by layer.	Historical archival research is a systematic method of investigating the past through the critical examination of primary source documents preserved in archives, libraries, and institutional collections. Researchers locate, access, authenticate, and interpret original records — such as government documents, correspondence, diaries, maps, and institutional files — to reconstruct events, trace processes, and build evidence-based historical arguments. It is foundational to historiography and widely applied across humanities and social science disciplines.