方法对比

	行动研究	内容分析	焦点小组研究
领域	质性研究	质性	质性
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1946	Systematised through Krippendorff's methodology work; 4th edition 2018	1940s (sociological origin); modern applied form from the 1980s–1990s
提出者	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Klaus Krippendorff (systematic formulation); roots in early 20th-century communications research	Robert K. Merton (sociological precursor, 1940s); popularised in applied research by Richard A. Krueger
类型	Method	Qualitative / mixed-method research technique	Qualitative data collection method
开创性文献	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506395661	Krueger, R.A. & Casey, M.A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244
别名	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	İçerik Analizi, systematic content coding, quantitative content analysis	focus group discussion, FGD, group interview, Odak Grup Araştırması
相关	1	5	6
摘要	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	Content analysis is a systematic research technique for reducing text, visual, or media material into coded categories so that patterns can be counted, compared, and interpreted. Formalised by Klaus Krippendorff in his widely cited methodology textbook (latest edition 2018), the method sits at the boundary of qualitative and quantitative inquiry: it imposes structured, replicable coding on inherently meaning-laden material.	Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research by Krueger and Casey, the method leverages group interaction as a data source — revealing not just what people think, but how they negotiate and articulate views in a social setting.