So sánh phương pháp

	Nghiên cứu tình huống đa trường hợp có gợi mở bằng hình ảnh	Nghiên cứu Hành động Có sự tham gia (PAR)
Lĩnh vực	Định tính	Định tính
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	2000s–2010s (integration period)	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s
Người khởi xướng	Synthesised from Douglas Harper (photo elicitation) and Robert K. Yin (multiple case study)	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte
Loại	Qualitative multi-method design	Qualitative research method
Công trình gốc	Harper, D. (2002). Talking about pictures: A case for photo elicitation. Visual Studies, 17(1), 13–26.	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.
Tên gọi khác	photo-elicitation multiple case study, visual data multiple case study, image-elicitation multi-case study, VEMCS	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry
Liên quan	5	6
Tóm tắt	Visual elicitation multiple case study is a qualitative design that embeds photo or image elicitation techniques within a multiple case study framework. Photographs, drawings, or other visual artefacts — produced by participants or the researcher — serve as interview stimuli, enriching within-case depth and enabling rigorous cross-case comparison. The approach leverages the power of images to surface tacit knowledge, making it especially valuable for researching contexts, identities, or experiences that are difficult to articulate in words alone.	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.