So sánh phương pháp

	Tối ưu hóa ngẫu nhiên	Tối ưu hóa Bayes	Chiến lược Tiến hóa (CMA-ES)
Lĩnh vực	Tối ưu hóa	Tối ưu hóa	Tối ưu hóa
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1951 (SGD); 2014 (Adam)	1975 (foundational); 2012 (ML standard)	2001
Người khởi xướng	—	Mockus (1975); popularised for ML by Snoek, Larochelle & Adams (2012)	Nikolaus Hansen & Andreas Ostermeier
Loại	Gradient-based iterative optimization	Sequential model-based black-box optimization	Derivative-free continuous black-box optimizer
Công trình gốc	Robbins, H. & Monro, S. (1951). A Stochastic Approximation Method. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 22(3), 400-407.	Snoek, J., Larochelle, H., & Adams, R.P. (2012). Practical Bayesian Optimization of Machine Learning Algorithms. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), 25.	Hansen, N. & Ostermeier, A. (2001). Completely Derandomized Self-Adaptation in Evolutionary Strategies. Evolutionary Computation, 9(2), 159-195.
Tên gọi khác	Stokastik Optimizasyon (SGD & Varyantları), stochastic gradient descent, SGD, Adam	Bayesçi Optimizasyon (Hyperparameter Tuning), surrogate-based optimization, sequential model-based optimization, SMBO	CMA-ES, Evolution Strategy, Evrimsel Strateji (CMA-ES), self-adapting evolution strategy
Liên quan	3	2	5
Tóm tắt	Stochastic optimization is a family of iterative methods that minimize an objective function by computing gradients on randomly sampled subsets of data — mini-batches — rather than on the entire dataset at once. Pioneered by Robbins and Monro in 1951 as stochastic approximation, the approach became the standard engine for training large-scale machine-learning models through variants such as SGD with momentum, AdaGrad, RMSProp, and Adam.	Bayesian Optimization is a sequential, model-based strategy for finding the optimum of expensive black-box functions with as few evaluations as possible. Rooted in the work of Mockus (1975) and brought to mainstream machine-learning practice by Snoek, Larochelle, and Adams (2012), it fits a probabilistic surrogate model — typically a Gaussian Process — to past observations and uses an acquisition function to decide where to probe next, balancing exploration of unknown regions with exploitation of promising ones.	CMA-ES, short for Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy, is a modern derivative-free optimizer for continuous black-box functions introduced by Hansen and Ostermeier in 2001. It maintains a population of candidate solutions drawn from a multivariate normal distribution and iteratively updates the distribution's mean, step size, and full covariance matrix to steer the search toward better regions of the parameter space. It has become the de-facto standard for continuous black-box optimization and is widely used in neural architecture search and reinforcement-learning policy optimization.