So sánh phương pháp

	Độ nhạy và độ đặc hiệu	Giá trị P và Ý nghĩa Thống kê
Lĩnh vực	Thống kê nghiên cứu	Thống kê nghiên cứu
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1978	1925
Người khởi xướng	Multiple sources in medical diagnosis and signal detection	Ronald Fisher
Loại	Concept	Concept
Công trình gốc	Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M. (1994). Diagnostic tests 1: Sensitivity and specificity. BMJ, 308(6943), 1552.	Fisher, R. A. (1925). Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Oliver and Boyd.
Tên gọi khác	diagnostic accuracy, true positive rate, true negative rate, receiver operating characteristic	p-value, significance test, statistical significance, alpha level
Liên quan	4	5
Tóm tắt	Sensitivity and specificity are fundamental metrics of diagnostic test accuracy. Sensitivity is the probability that a test correctly identifies a person with the disease (true positive rate: TP / (TP + FN)). Specificity is the probability that a test correctly identifies a person without the disease (true negative rate: TN / (TN + FP)). Every test involves a trade-off: increasing sensitivity (catching all sick people) often reduces specificity (more false alarms). Choice of test threshold depends on the clinical context: screening for serious diseases favors sensitivity; confirming a diagnosis favors specificity.	The p-value is the probability of observing data as extreme as or more extreme than what was actually observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true. Introduced by Ronald Fisher in 1925, it is the foundation of frequentist hypothesis testing. Statistical significance is declared when the p-value falls below a pre-specified threshold (alpha level, typically 0.05).