So sánh phương pháp

	Nghiên cứu khảo sát tương quan	Nghiên cứu nhân quả-so sánh
Lĩnh vực	Thiết kế nghiên cứu	Thiết kế nghiên cứu
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	Mid-20th century onward (systematised ~1960s–1990s)	1964
Người khởi xướng	Established in educational and social science research methodology; systematised by Fraenkel & Wallen and others	Fred N. Kerlinger
Loại	Quantitative non-experimental survey design	Non-experimental quantitative research design
Công trình gốc	Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2009). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0073525748	Kerlinger, F. N. (1964). Foundations of Behavioral Research. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Tên gọi khác	correlational survey, associational survey, relationship survey design, relational descriptive survey	ex post facto research, causal-comparative design, retrospective causal study, CCR
Liên quan	4	3
Tóm tắt	Relational survey research is a quantitative, non-experimental design that gathers structured self-report data from a sample and examines the statistical associations among two or more variables. Unlike purely descriptive surveys, which only characterise distributions, relational surveys ask whether and how strongly variables co-vary — providing evidence of relationships without manipulating conditions or establishing causation.	Causal-comparative research is a non-experimental quantitative design in which the researcher compares two or more groups that already differ on an independent variable — one that was not manipulated — to investigate possible causes or consequences of that difference. Because group membership is pre-existing rather than randomly assigned, the design can suggest causal relationships but cannot establish them with the certainty of a true experiment. It is widely used in education, psychology, and social sciences when experimental manipulation is impractical or unethical.