So sánh phương pháp

	Nghiên cứu sinh thái tiềm cứu	Nghiên cứu sinh thái
Lĩnh vực	Dịch tễ học	Dịch tễ học
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1950s–1970s (ecological epidemiology); prospective variant widely applied from 1980s onward	19th century (Snow 1854); formalised mid-20th century
Người khởi xướng	Ecological study design formalised in epidemiology mid-20th century; prospective variant established through environmental and chronic disease research	Various; foundational work by John Snow (1854) and systematised in modern form by Brian MacMahon and colleagues
Loại	Observational epidemiological study design	Observational epidemiological study
Công trình gốc	Morgenstern, H. (1998). Ecological studies. In K. J. Rothman & S. Greenland (Eds.), Modern Epidemiology (2nd ed., pp. 459–480). Lippincott-Raven.	Morgenstern, H. (1995). Ecologic studies in epidemiology: concepts, principles, and methods. Annual Review of Public Health, 16(1), 61–81.
Tên gọi khác	prospective ecologic study, prospective aggregate-level study, prospective group-level study, ecological cohort study	aggregate study, correlational study, ecological correlation study, population-level study
Liên quan	4	5
Tóm tắt	A prospective ecological study is an observational epidemiological design in which groups — not individuals — serve as the unit of analysis, and exposure data are collected going forward in time before outcomes are measured. Investigators define geographically, politically, or socially bounded populations, characterise their aggregate exposures at baseline, then ascertain group-level outcomes (disease rates, mortality rates) at one or more later time points. Because exposure precedes outcome measurement, this design provides stronger temporal evidence than retrospective ecological studies.	An ecological study is an observational epidemiological design in which the unit of analysis is a group or population — a country, region, city, or time period — rather than an individual. Exposures and outcomes are measured as aggregates (rates, proportions, or means) and then correlated across groups to generate or evaluate hypotheses about population-level associations between risk factors and disease.