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| Lý thuyết Đáp ứng Mục (Ordinal IRT)× | Chức năng biệt lập của mục (Differential Item Functioning - DIF)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Lĩnh vực | Trắc lượng tâm lý | Trắc lượng tâm lý |
| Họ | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| Năm ra đời≠ | 1969 | 1970s–1993 |
| Người khởi xướng≠ | Fumiko Samejima (Graded Response Model, 1969); Gerhard Fischer & Georg Rasch lineage for partial credit | William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer |
| Loại≠ | Probabilistic latent trait model for ordered polytomous responses | Item-level bias detection |
| Công trình gốc≠ | Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrika Monograph Supplement, 34(4, Pt. 2), 1–97. link ↗ | Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589 |
| Tên gọi khác | polytomous IRT, ordinal IRT models, graded response models, ordinal latent trait models | DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias |
| Liên quan≠ | 6 | 5 |
| Tóm tắt≠ | Ordinal item response theory (ordinal IRT) comprises a family of probabilistic models — most notably the Graded Response Model and the Partial Credit Model — that relate a respondent's standing on a latent trait to the probability of choosing each ordered response category on a polytomous item. It extends classical IRT beyond dichotomous items to the Likert-type and rating-scale items that dominate psychometric measurement. | Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development. |
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