So sánh phương pháp

	Nghiên cứu Tương quan-So sánh Nhân quả Đa biến	Nghiên cứu nhân quả-so sánh
Lĩnh vực	Thiết kế nghiên cứu	Thiết kế nghiên cứu
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	Mid-20th century onward; multivariate extension systematized 1970s–1990s	1964
Người khởi xướng	Extension of causal-comparative tradition (cf. Chapin, 1947; Gay, Mills & Airasian)	Fred N. Kerlinger
Loại	Quantitative non-experimental comparative design	Non-experimental quantitative research design
Công trình gốc	Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2019). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-1260085594	Kerlinger, F. N. (1964). Foundations of Behavioral Research. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Tên gọi khác	multivariate causal-comparative design, MANOVA causal-comparative study, multi-outcome ex post facto research, multivariate ex post facto design	ex post facto research, causal-comparative design, retrospective causal study, CCR
Liên quan	6	3
Tóm tắt	Multivariate causal-comparative research is a quantitative, non-experimental design that investigates whether pre-existing group differences (defined by a naturally occurring categorical variable) are associated with differences across multiple outcome variables considered simultaneously. By extending the classic causal-comparative framework to several dependent variables at once, it reduces Type I error inflation and captures the correlated structure of outcomes that univariate comparisons would miss.	Causal-comparative research is a non-experimental quantitative design in which the researcher compares two or more groups that already differ on an independent variable — one that was not manipulated — to investigate possible causes or consequences of that difference. Because group membership is pre-existing rather than randomly assigned, the design can suggest causal relationships but cannot establish them with the certainty of a true experiment. It is widely used in education, psychology, and social sciences when experimental manipulation is impractical or unethical.