So sánh phương pháp

	Nghiên cứu so sánh nhân quả theo chiều dọc	Nghiên cứu Dài hạn
Lĩnh vực	Thiết kế nghiên cứu	Thiết kế nghiên cứu
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1970s–1980s (as an established combined design in educational and social research)	Late 19th–early 20th century; methodologically codified through the 20th century
Người khởi xướng	Synthesized from causal-comparative tradition (Kerlinger, 1973) and longitudinal design frameworks (Goldstein, 1979)	No single originator; foundational methodological treatments by Stuart Menard and Judith Singer & John Willett
Loại	Non-experimental quantitative research design	Quantitative (or mixed) observational research design
Công trình gốc	Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2009). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0073525532	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922841
Tên gọi khác	longitudinal ex post facto design, longitudinal causal-comparative design, repeated-measures causal-comparative research, prospective causal-comparative study	longitudinal study, longitudinal design, prospective longitudinal study, repeated-measures observational study
Liên quan	4	4
Tóm tắt	Longitudinal causal-comparative research is a non-experimental quantitative design that compares pre-existing groups on one or more dependent variables across multiple measurement points over time. Unlike true experiments, the researcher does not manipulate the independent variable; instead, naturally occurring group differences (e.g., gender, socioeconomic status, diagnostic category) are examined to explore their relationship to outcomes as they evolve longitudinally.	Longitudinal research is an observational design in which the same participants, groups, or units are measured repeatedly over an extended period. Rather than capturing a single snapshot, it tracks change, stability, and temporal sequencing of variables — making it the primary non-experimental strategy for studying development, growth, decline, and the unfolding of causal processes across time.