So sánh phương pháp

	Biến công cụ (IV) trong Nghiên cứu Giáo dục	Phương pháp Biến Công cụ (IV) cho Suy luận Nhân quả
Lĩnh vực	Suy luận nhân quả	Kinh tế học y tế
Họ	Regression model	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1991 (canonical education application)	1990s (modern applications)
Người khởi xướng	Angrist & Krueger (canonical 1991 education application); grounded in IV theory by Wright (1928)	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory
Loại	Quasi-experimental causal identification	Method
Công trình gốc	Angrist, J. D., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Does Compulsory School Attendance Affect Schooling and Earnings? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(4), 979-1014.	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Tên gọi khác	IV in education, 2SLS in education, education IV, school IV estimation	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation
Liên quan	5	3
Tóm tắt	Instrumental variables (IV) estimation is a quasi-experimental strategy for isolating the causal effect of schooling or educational interventions when assignment to treatment is confounded by unobserved factors. Pioneered in education economics by Angrist and Krueger's use of quarter-of-birth as an instrument for compulsory schooling, IV finds a source of exogenous variation in exposure to education and uses only that variation to estimate outcomes such as earnings, test scores, or attainment.	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.