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| Phân tích Cronbach's Alpha (Độ tin cậy)× | Phân tích nhân tố khám phá (EFA)× | Mô hình Tuyến tính Phân cấp (HLM / Mô hình Đa cấp)× | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lĩnh vực | Thống kê | Thống kê | Thống kê |
| Họ≠ | Latent structure | Latent structure | Hypothesis test |
| Năm ra đời≠ | 1951 | — | 1986 |
| Người khởi xướng≠ | Lee J. Cronbach | — | Raudenbush & Bryk (popularized); Goldstein (parallel development) |
| Loại≠ | Reliability / internal consistency coefficient | Latent variable / dimension reduction | Parametric nested-data regression |
| Công trình gốc≠ | Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. DOI ↗ | Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C. & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299. DOI ↗ | Raudenbush, S.W. & Bryk, A.S. (2002). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-0761919049 |
| Tên gọi khác≠ | coefficient alpha, alpha reliability, internal consistency reliability, Güvenilirlik Analizi (Cronbach Alpha) | common factor analysis, açımlayıcı faktör analizi, factor analysis | HLM, MLM, multilevel modeling, multilevel analysis |
| Liên quan | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Tóm tắt≠ | Cronbach's alpha is a coefficient of internal consistency that quantifies the degree to which a set of items on a scale measures the same underlying construct. Introduced by Lee J. Cronbach in 1951, it remains the most widely reported reliability index in social-science, health, and educational research. | Exploratory factor analysis reduces a large set of observed variables into a smaller number of latent common factors. It is widely used in scale development and psychometrics to uncover the dimensional structure that underlies a set of correlated items, without specifying that structure in advance. | Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM), also known as Multilevel Modeling (MLM), is a parametric statistical method for analyzing nested or clustered data — for example students within classrooms, patients within hospitals, or employees within organizations. Formalized by Raudenbush and Bryk in their 2002 seminal text (building on work from the mid-1980s), HLM simultaneously estimates individual-level and group-level effects while correctly partitioning variance across levels. |
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