So sánh phương pháp

	Thiết kế Khảo sát Quan hệ So sánh	Nghiên cứu nhân quả-so sánh
Lĩnh vực	Thiết kế nghiên cứu	Thiết kế nghiên cứu
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	Mid-20th century onward; systematized in educational research c. 1960s–1990s	1964
Người khởi xướng	Rooted in survey methodology tradition; formalized by scholars such as Fraenkel, Wallen, and Creswell	Fred N. Kerlinger
Loại	Quantitative non-experimental survey design	Non-experimental quantitative research design
Công trình gốc	Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2009). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0073525 670	Kerlinger, F. N. (1964). Foundations of Behavioral Research. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Tên gọi khác	comparative correlational survey, multi-group relational survey, cross-group relational survey design	ex post facto research, causal-comparative design, retrospective causal study, CCR
Liên quan	4	3
Tóm tắt	A comparative relational survey is a quantitative, non-experimental design that examines the relationships among variables within a single study while simultaneously comparing those relationship patterns across two or more distinct groups. It extends a standard relational (correlational) survey by adding a comparative dimension, revealing whether associations observed in one group hold, differ, or even reverse in another. It is widely used in education, psychology, organizational behavior, and health sciences.	Causal-comparative research is a non-experimental quantitative design in which the researcher compares two or more groups that already differ on an independent variable — one that was not manipulated — to investigate possible causes or consequences of that difference. Because group membership is pre-existing rather than randomly assigned, the design can suggest causal relationships but cannot establish them with the certainty of a true experiment. It is widely used in education, psychology, and social sciences when experimental manipulation is impractical or unethical.