Latent structure
Differential Item Functioning (DIF) Analysis
Differential Item Functioning analysis examines whether examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — who have the same underlying ability respond differently to a test item. First formalised by Holland and Thayer in 1988 via the Mantel-Haenszel procedure, it is the principal tool in modern test development for detecting and removing item bias.
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Sources
- Holland, P. W. & Thayer, D. T. (1988). Differential Item Performance and the Mantel-Haenszel Procedure. ETS Research Report Series. link ↗
- Magis, D., Beland, S., Tuerlinckx, F. & De Boeck, P. (2010). A General Framework and an R Package for the Detection of Dichotomous Differential Item Functioning. Behavior Research Methods, 42(3), 847–862. DOI: 10.3758/BRM.42.3.847 ↗