Latent structure

Differential Item Functioning (DIF) Analysis

Differential Item Functioning analysis examines whether examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — who have the same underlying ability respond differently to a test item. First formalised by Holland and Thayer in 1988 via the Mantel-Haenszel procedure, it is the principal tool in modern test development for detecting and removing item bias.

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Sources

  1. Holland, P. W. & Thayer, D. T. (1988). Differential Item Performance and the Mantel-Haenszel Procedure. ETS Research Report Series. link
  2. Magis, D., Beland, S., Tuerlinckx, F. & De Boeck, P. (2010). A General Framework and an R Package for the Detection of Dichotomous Differential Item Functioning. Behavior Research Methods, 42(3), 847–862. DOI: 10.3758/BRM.42.3.847

Related methods

Referenced by

ScholarGateDIF Analysis (Differential Item Functioning Analysis). Retrieved 2026-06-04 from https://scholargate.app/tr/psychometrics/dif-analysis