Directed Modularity Analysis

Directed modularity analysis extends the classic Newman-Girvan modularity framework to directed graphs, where edges carry a source and a destination. Formalized by Leicht and Newman in 2008, it partitions nodes into communities by maximizing a modularity score that accounts for each node's separate in-degree and out-degree in the null model, making it the standard approach for community detection in citation networks, information flows, and other asymmetric relational data.