เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	การปรับปรุงแบบรีตเวลด์ด้วย XRD	X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
สาขาวิชา	วัสดุศาสตร์	วัสดุศาสตร์
ตระกูล	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
ปีกำเนิด	1969	1967
ผู้ริเริ่ม	Hugo Rietveld	Kai Siegbahn
ประเภท	Refinement method	Analytical technique
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Rietveld, H. M. (1969). A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 2(2), 65-71.	Siegbahn, K., Nordling, C., Fahlman, A., et al. (1967). ESCA: Atomic, Molecular and Solid State Structure Studied by Means of Electron Spectroscopy. Almqvist and Wiksells.
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	Rietveld refinement, powder diffraction refinement	XPS, ESCA, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	3	3
สรุป	XRD Rietveld Refinement is a method for extracting detailed crystal structure information from powder diffraction data by comparing observed and calculated diffraction patterns through least-squares refinement. Developed by Hugo Rietveld in 1969, this technique enables determination of atomic positions, occupancies, thermal parameters, and phase fractions directly from powder data without requiring single crystals. It is the standard approach in materials characterization for structural analysis, phase identification, and quantification.	X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), also known as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), is a surface-sensitive analytical technique that measures the kinetic energies of photoelectrons ejected from a material by high-energy X-rays. Developed by Kai Siegbahn in 1967, XPS determines elemental composition, chemical oxidation states, and chemical bonding within ~10 nanometers of a surface. It is indispensable in materials science for surface characterization, corrosion studies, oxide analysis, and interface chemistry.