เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	Technological Innovation Systems	Multi-Level Perspective on Transitions
สาขาวิชา	Science Technology Studies	Science Technology Studies
ตระกูล	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
ปีกำเนิด	2008	2002
ผู้ริเริ่ม	Anna Bergek, Staffan Jacobsson, Bo Carlsson and colleagues	Frank W. Geels (building on Arie Rip and René Kemp)
ประเภท	Systems-of-innovation framework and scheme of analysis	Conceptual framework and analytic method for sociotechnical change
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Bergek, A., Jacobsson, S., Carlsson, B., Lindmark, S., & Rickne, A. (2008). Analyzing the functional dynamics of technological innovation systems: a scheme of analysis. Research Policy, 37(3), 407-429.	Geels, F. W. (2002). Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study. Research Policy, 31(8-9), 1257-1274.
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	TIS analysis, Technological innovation system approach, Functional dynamics scheme	MLP, Multi-level perspective framework, Sociotechnical transitions analysis
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	4	4
สรุป	Technological Innovation Systems (TIS) analysis studies the emergence, growth, and performance of a specific technology by treating it as a system of actors, networks, and institutions that interact to generate, diffuse, and use that technology. Building on the systems-of-innovation tradition, the influential scheme of Bergek and colleagues combines a structural account of the system's components with a functional analysis of the key processes—or functions—that an innovation system must perform, then compares achieved with desired functionality to diagnose inducement and blocking mechanisms and derive policy.	The Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) is a middle-range framework for analysing how large sociotechnical systems—energy, mobility, food, water—shift from one dominant configuration to another. It locates change in the interplay of three analytic levels: protected niches where radical novelties incubate, the incumbent sociotechnical regime that structures ordinary practice, and a slow-moving exogenous landscape. Transitions occur when landscape pressures destabilise the regime and open windows of opportunity for maturing niche innovations to break through.