เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	การศึกษาเชิงนิเวศวิทยาที่ปรับความเสี่ยง	การศึกษาเชิงนิเวศ
สาขาวิชา	ระบาดวิทยา	ระบาดวิทยา
ตระกูล	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
ปีกำเนิด	1980s–1990s	19th century (Snow 1854); formalised mid-20th century
ผู้ริเริ่ม	Extension of ecological study methodology; risk adjustment concepts formalized by Morgenstern (1982) and developed further in health outcomes research	Various; foundational work by John Snow (1854) and systematised in modern form by Brian MacMahon and colleagues
ประเภท	Observational ecological design with statistical confounding control	Observational epidemiological study
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Morgenstern, H. (1982). Uses of ecologic analysis in epidemiologic research. American Journal of Public Health, 72(12), 1336–1344.	Morgenstern, H. (1995). Ecologic studies in epidemiology: concepts, principles, and methods. Annual Review of Public Health, 16(1), 61–81.
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	risk-adjusted ecological analysis, confounder-adjusted ecological study, ecological regression with risk adjustment, adjusted area-level study	aggregate study, correlational study, ecological correlation study, population-level study
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	4	5
สรุป	A risk-adjusted ecological study is an observational epidemiological design that examines associations between exposures and outcomes measured at the group or area level — such as regions, hospitals, or countries — while statistically controlling for known risk factors also measured at that level. By incorporating risk adjustment through ecological regression or standardization, the design reduces (though cannot eliminate) confounding from group-level variables, enabling more valid comparisons across populations or settings.	An ecological study is an observational epidemiological design in which the unit of analysis is a group or population — a country, region, city, or time period — rather than an individual. Exposures and outcomes are measured as aggregates (rates, proportions, or means) and then correlated across groups to generate or evaluate hypotheses about population-level associations between risk factors and disease.