เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	ประมวลกฎหมายนูเรมเบิร์ก	ปฏิญญาเฮลซิงกิ
สาขาวิชา	จริยธรรมการวิจัย	จริยธรรมการวิจัย
ตระกูล	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
ปีกำเนิด	1947	1964
ผู้ริเริ่ม	International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg (Allied Powers)	World Medical Association (WMA)
ประเภท	Framework	Framework
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Nuremberg Military Tribunal. (1947). Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10. United States Government Printing Office.	World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194.
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	Code of Nuremberg, Ten Principles	DoH, Helsinki Declaration
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	4	4
สรุป	The Nuremberg Code (1947) is the first international ethical code governing human experimentation, established by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg following trials of Nazi physicians for conducting torture and unethical experiments on concentration camp prisoners. Its ten principles, led by absolute requirement for voluntary informed consent, became the foundation for all modern research ethics governance and remain the gold standard for protecting research subjects from exploitation and abuse.	The Declaration of Helsinki (1964) is the foundational international ethical code for medical research involving human subjects, established by the World Medical Association. It extended earlier principles (Nuremberg Code 1947) to include therapeutic research and formalized the physician's ethical duty to prioritize subject welfare. Updated nine times through 2013, it remains the standard adopted by major medical journals, research ethics committees, and regulatory bodies worldwide.