เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	Laspeyres and Paasche Index	ดัชนีผลิตภาพมัลม์ควิสต์
สาขาวิชา	เศรษฐศาสตร์	การวิเคราะห์ประสิทธิภาพ
ตระกูล	Process / pipeline	Regression model
ปีกำเนิด	1871	1994
ผู้ริเริ่ม	Étienne Laspeyres (1871); Hermann Paasche (1874)	Färe, Grosskopf, Norris & Zhang
ประเภท	Bilateral price and quantity index numbers	Non-parametric productivity index
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Diewert, W. E. (1976). Exact and superlative index numbers. Journal of Econometrics, 4(2), 115–145.	Färe, R., Grosskopf, S., Norris, M., & Zhang, Z. (1994). Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in industrialized countries. American Economic Review, 84(1), 66–83.
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	Laspeyres Index, Paasche Index, Base-Weighted Index, Current-Weighted Index	MPI, Malmquist Index, Malmquist DEA Productivity Index, Malmquist Verimlilik Endeksi
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	3	1
สรุป	The Laspeyres and Paasche indices are the two foundational bilateral index numbers used to measure how a basket of prices (or quantities) changes between a base period and a current period. The Laspeyres index weights price changes by base-period quantities — it asks what the original basket costs now relative to then — while the Paasche index weights by current-period quantities, asking what the current basket costs now relative to then. They differ because consumers substitute away from goods whose relative prices rise, and this difference defines the well-known substitution bias: the Laspeyres index tends to overstate, and the Paasche index to understate, the true cost-of-living change, bracketing it between them.	The Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) is a non-parametric measure of total factor productivity (TFP) change over time. Formally grounded in distance functions by Caves, Christensen, and Diewert (1982) and operationalized using Data Envelopment Analysis by Färe, Grosskopf, Norris, and Zhang (1994), MPI decomposes productivity growth into two components: efficiency change (catching-up to the frontier) and technical change (shift of the frontier itself).