เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	Issue Framing Experiment	Political Knowledge Scale
สาขาวิชา	จิตวิทยาการเมือง	จิตวิทยาการเมือง
ตระกูล	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
ปีกำเนิด	1997	1993
ผู้ริเริ่ม	Thomas Nelson; Dennis Chong & James Druckman	Michael Delli Carpini & Scott Keeter
ประเภท	Survey/lab experiment	Factual knowledge battery
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Nelson, T. E., Clawson, R. A., & Oxley, Z. M. (1997). Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance. American Political Science Review, 91(3), 567-583.	Delli Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1993). Measuring political knowledge: Putting first things first. American Journal of Political Science, 37(4), 1179-1206.
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	Framing Effects Experiment, Emphasis Framing Study, Equivalence Framing Experiment	Civic Knowledge Battery, Factual Political Knowledge Index, Delli Carpini-Keeter Knowledge Items
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	4	4
สรุป	An issue framing experiment manipulates how a political issue is described, emphasizing different considerations, to test how framing shifts opinion. Nelson, Clawson and Oxley's (1997) classic study showed that framing a Klan rally as a free-speech issue versus a public-order issue changed tolerance judgments, and Chong and Druckman (2007) systematized framing theory and the experimental methods used to estimate framing effects.	The Political Knowledge Scale measures the range of factual information about politics that citizens hold and can retrieve, operationalized as a battery of factual quiz items. Delli Carpini and Keeter (1993, 1996) established the canonical short batteries (often five items) and argued that general political knowledge, not domain-specific information, is the most useful and reliable construct for survey research.