เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	การวิเคราะห์ข้ามวัฒนธรรมของ HRAF	จำนวนชิ้นส่วนที่ระบุได้
สาขาวิชา	โบราณคดี	โบราณคดี
ตระกูล	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
ปีกำเนิด	1967	1971
ผู้ริเริ่ม	George Murdock	R. E. Chaplin
ประเภท	Ethnographic comparison	Faunal quantification method
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Murdock, G. P. (1967). Ethnographic Atlas. University of Pittsburgh Press.	Chaplin, R. E. (1971). The Study of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Seminar Press.
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	cross-cultural comparison, comparative ethnography	NISP method, specimen count
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	2	4
สรุป	HRAF (Human Relations Area Files) cross-cultural analysis compares ethnographic data from diverse societies to identify patterns and test hypotheses about human social organization and cultural practices. Developed by George Murdock and colleagues, the method uses a standardized database of ethnographic information coded for comparative analysis. HRAF provides a framework for systematic cross-cultural comparison, helping archaeologists interpret prehistoric patterns through ethnographic analogy.	Number of identified specimens (NISP) is a fundamental zooarchaeological method that quantifies the abundance of faunal remains by counting all identifiable bone fragments or specimens in an assemblage. Formalized by R. E. Chaplin and later refined by Donald Grayson and others, NISP is the most straightforward and widely used quantification metric in zooarchaeology. Despite its simplicity, NISP is sensitive to both cultural and taphonomic factors that affect preservation, fragmentation, and identification of bone assemblages.