เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	Fraboni Scale of Ageism	Gerotranscendence Measurement
สาขาวิชา	Social Gerontology	Social Gerontology
ตระกูล	Latent structure	Latent structure
ปีกำเนิด	1990	2005
ผู้ริเริ่ม	Maryann Fraboni, Robert Saltstone & Susan Hughes	Lars Tornstam
ประเภท	Self-report attitudinal scale of ageism toward older people	Self-report scale of late-life developmental transcendence
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Fraboni, M., Saltstone, R., & Hughes, S. (1990). The Fraboni Scale of Ageism (FSA): An attempt at a more precise measure of ageism. Canadian Journal on Aging, 9(1), 56-66.	Tornstam, L. (2005). Gerotranscendence: A Developmental Theory of Positive Aging. Springer Publishing Company. ISBN: 9780826131348
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	FSA, Fraboni Ageism Scale, Scale of Ageism, Fraboni Saltstone Hughes Ageism Scale	Tornstam Gerotranscendence Scale, Cosmic Transcendence Measure, Gerotranscendence Type Scale, GTS
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	3	3
สรุป	The Fraboni Scale of Ageism (FSA) is a self-report instrument designed to measure prejudice toward older people more precisely than earlier, largely cognitive ageism measures. Published by Maryann Fraboni, Robert Saltstone, and Susan Hughes in 1990, it was built on the premise that ageism, like other prejudices, has cognitive, affective, and behavioural components rather than being only a matter of inaccurate beliefs. The scale comprises 29 attitudinal statements answered on a Likert agreement format and organized into three factors drawn from Allport's analysis of prejudice: antilocution (stereotyping and negative talk), avoidance (the wish to keep social distance from older people), and discrimination (endorsement of differential, restrictive treatment). After reverse-scoring positively worded items, responses are summed so that higher totals indicate more ageist attitudes. By moving beyond a single stereotype dimension, the FSA captured the emotional and behavioural sides of ageism and became one of the most widely used measures of ageist attitudes in research and training.	Gerotranscendence measurement operationalizes Lars Tornstam's theory that healthy aging can culminate in a qualitative shift in how a person experiences self, others, and reality. In his 2005 book Gerotranscendence: A Developmental Theory of Positive Aging, Tornstam argued that, contrary to the view of old age as decline or as continued midlife activity, many older adults move toward a more cosmic and less materialistic outlook. The construct is captured along two principal dimensions: cosmic transcendence, a redefinition of time, space, and one's connection to earlier and future generations, and the coherent, more solitary self, marked by reduced self-centeredness and greater inner contentment. Self-report items ask respondents how much their experience has changed in these directions, and the responses are summed into dimension scores. The measure gave gerontology a way to study positive late-life development beyond activity and disengagement theories. It has been used cross-culturally and adapted into several item sets to test whether transcendence increases with age.