เปรียบเทียบวิธี
ดูวิธีที่เลือกเทียบกันแบบเคียงข้าง แถวที่ต่างกันจะถูกเน้นไว้
| การสังเกตการณ์แบบมีส่วนร่วมโดยตรง× | การสังเกตแบบไม่เข้าร่วม× | |
|---|---|---|
| สาขาวิชา | ระเบียบวิธีสำรวจ | ระเบียบวิธีสำรวจ |
| ตระกูล | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| ปีกำเนิด≠ | Early 20th century (Chicago School ~1920s; Spradley formalisation 1980) | Formalized mid-20th century (Gold 1958); practice dates to late 19th-century social surveys |
| ผู้ริเริ่ม≠ | Chicago School sociologists (Robert Park, Ernest Burgess); systematised by Raymond Gold (1958) and James Spradley (1980) | Raymond Gold (role typology); earlier roots in social survey movement and Chicago School sociology |
| ประเภท≠ | Qualitative data collection technique | Qualitative / quantitative observational data collection |
| แหล่งต้นตำรับ≠ | Spradley, J. P. (1980). Participant Observation. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN: 978-0030445019 | Gold, R. L. (1958). Roles in sociological field observations. Social Forces, 36(3), 217–223. DOI ↗ |
| ชื่อเรียกอื่น | in-person participant observation, direct participant observation, fieldwork participant observation, co-present observation | detached observation, systematic observation, structured field observation, external observation |
| ที่เกี่ยวข้อง | 5 | 5 |
| สรุป≠ | Face-to-face participant observation is a qualitative data collection technique in which the researcher physically enters a setting and engages with participants in real time to document social behaviour, interactions, and meaning-making as they naturally occur. Unlike online or remote variants, the researcher is bodily present, enabling direct sensory access to context, non-verbal cues, and the full texture of everyday life in the setting under study. | Non-participant observation is a data-collection method in which the researcher observes behavior, interactions, or events in a natural or structured setting without joining or influencing the activity under study. The observer maintains a deliberate distance from participants to minimize their own effect on the phenomena being recorded, producing field notes, behavioral tallies, or recordings that reflect naturally occurring behavior rather than behavior shaped by researcher involvement. |
| ScholarGateชุดข้อมูล ↗ |
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