เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	Bongaarts Proximate Determinants	Net Reproduction Rate
สาขาวิชา	ประชากรศาสตร์	ประชากรศาสตร์
ตระกูล	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
ปีกำเนิด	1978	2001
ผู้ริเริ่ม	John Bongaarts	Richard Böckh and Robert Kuczynski (formalized in Preston, Heuveline & Guillot)
ประเภท	Multiplicative decomposition of fertility into behavioural and biological factors	Period measure of generational replacement combining fertility and mortality
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Bongaarts, J. (1978). A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility. Population and Development Review, 4(1), 105–132.	Preston, S. H., Heuveline, P., & Guillot, M. (2001). Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes. Blackwell. ISBN: 9781557864512
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	Proximate determinants framework, Bongaarts fertility-inhibiting indices, Cm Cc Ca Ci model, Yakın Belirleyiciler Çerçevesi	NRR, Net reproduction ratio, Net reproductive rate, Net Üreme Hızı
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	4	4
สรุป	The Bongaarts framework of the proximate determinants of fertility decomposes a population's fertility into a biological maximum reduced by a small set of directly fertility-inhibiting factors: the proportion of women in sexual unions, contraceptive use, induced abortion, and postpartum infecundability. By expressing observed fertility as total fecundity multiplied by four indices between zero and one, it quantifies how much each behavioural and biological channel suppresses fertility below its potential ceiling.	The net reproduction rate (NRR) is the demographic measure of generational replacement: the average number of daughters a woman would bear who survive to the age their mother was when she bore them, given the period's age-specific fertility rates and female mortality. By combining fertility with survival, the NRR answers the fundamental question of whether a population is replacing itself — an NRR of one means each generation of women exactly reproduces the next, below one signals long-run decline, and above one signals growth.