เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	ไอโซเทอร์มการดูดซับ (Langmuir-Freundlich)	การกลั่นแบบเกิดปฏิกิริยา
สาขาวิชา	ฟิสิกส์ประยุกต์	ฟิสิกส์ประยุกต์
ตระกูล	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
ปีกำเนิด	1918	1995
ผู้ริเริ่ม	Irving Langmuir	Klaus Sundmacher
ประเภท	Empirical and theoretical adsorption equilibrium model	Integrated reaction-separation process model
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Langmuir, I. (1918). The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica, and platinum. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 40(9), 1361-1403.	Sundmacher, K., & Kienle, A. (2003). Reactive Distillation: Status and Future Directions. Wiley-VCH. ISBN: 978-3-527-30623-9
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich isotherm, sorption equilibrium	integrated distillation-reaction, reactive column, reaction with separation
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	3	4
สรุป	Adsorption isotherms describe the equilibrium uptake of a substance on a solid surface as a function of gas or solution phase concentration at constant temperature. The Langmuir isotherm (1918) and Freundlich isotherm (1906) are classical empirical models. The Langmuir model assumes monolayer coverage and is mechanistic; the Freundlich model is empirical and describes multilayer or heterogeneous adsorption. These isotherms are essential for designing separation processes (activated carbon filters, molecular sieves) and understanding pollutant sorption.	Reactive distillation couples reaction and separation in a single column, where reactants are separated from products continuously while simultaneously undergoing reaction on catalytic trays. Pioneered in the 1990s by Klaus Sundmacher and others, this process intensification technique dramatically reduces capital cost, energy consumption, and environmental impact for suitable reactions. It is now industrially proven for esterification, hydration, and transesterification processes.