Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Ubaguzi wa Kigeni	Kiwango cha Mawasiliano baina ya Vikundi
Nyanja	Sosholojia ya Siasa	Sosholojia ya Siasa
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2009–2016	1954–2008
Mwanzilishi	Alin Ceobanu, Xavier Escandell, Elke Schlueter	Gordon Allport, Thomas Pettigrew, Linda Tropp
Aina	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
Chanzo asilia	Ceobanu, A. M., & Escandell, X. (2010). Comparative analyses of public attitudes toward immigrants and immigration using multinational survey data: The European Social Survey. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(6), 953-969.	Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley.
Majina mbadala	XS, Anti-Immigration Attitude Scale	ICS, Contact Quality Index
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	The Xenophobia Scale measures fear, discomfort, or prejudice toward foreign nationals and immigrants. Unlike immigration policy preferences (which can reflect economic or pragmatic considerations), xenophobia captures affective and attitudinal dimensions—emotional threat perception, negative stereotypes, and cultural distance. Developed by migration scholars including Ceobanu and Escandell, it is essential for understanding antiforeign sentiment and discriminatory attitudes across diverse contexts.	The Intergroup Contact Scale measures the quantity and quality of face-to-face interaction between members of different social groups (racial, ethnic, religious, national, or other categories). Rooted in Gordon Allport's contact hypothesis (1954), which proposed that prejudice decreases when groups interact under favorable conditions, the scale is fundamental in research on prejudice reduction, integration, and intergroup relations.