Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Ubaguzi wa Kigeni	Kiwango cha Maadili ya Kidemokrasia
Nyanja	Sosholojia ya Siasa	Sosholojia ya Siasa
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2009–2016	1999–2015
Mwanzilishi	Alin Ceobanu, Xavier Escandell, Elke Schlueter	Russell Dalton, Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Christian Welzel
Aina	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
Chanzo asilia	Ceobanu, A. M., & Escandell, X. (2010). Comparative analyses of public attitudes toward immigrants and immigration using multinational survey data: The European Social Survey. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(6), 953-969.	Dalton, R. J. (2004). Democratic challenges, democratic choices: The erosion of political support in advanced industrial democracies. Oxford University Press.
Majina mbadala	XS, Anti-Immigration Attitude Scale	DVS, Democratic Attitudes Scale
Zinazohusiana	5	4
Muhtasari	The Xenophobia Scale measures fear, discomfort, or prejudice toward foreign nationals and immigrants. Unlike immigration policy preferences (which can reflect economic or pragmatic considerations), xenophobia captures affective and attitudinal dimensions—emotional threat perception, negative stereotypes, and cultural distance. Developed by migration scholars including Ceobanu and Escandell, it is essential for understanding antiforeign sentiment and discriminatory attitudes across diverse contexts.	The Democratic Values Scale measures commitment to core principles of democratic governance including free speech, rule of law, fair elections, protection of minorities, and transparent institutions. Rather than measuring support for democracy as a system (which is nearly universal in principle), it captures depth of commitment to democratic norms, tolerance for dissent, and willingness to protect rights of political opponents. Developed by comparative political scientists including Dalton, Klingemann, and Welzel, it reveals psychological foundations of democratic stability.