Linganisha mbinu

	Jaribio la White la Heteroskedasticity	Kipimo cha Breusch-Pagan cha Usumbufu wa Kigezo (Heteroskedasticity)	Urejeshaji wa Njia ya Viwango Vidogo vya Kawaida (OLS)	Weighted Least Squares (WLS)
Nyanja	Ekonometriki	Ekonometriki	Ekonometriki	Takwimu
Familia	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1980	1979	2019	1935
Mwanzilishi	Halbert White	Trevor Breusch & Adrian Pagan	Wooldridge (textbook treatment); classical least squares	Alexander Craig Aitken
Aina	General test for heteroskedasticity	Lagrange-multiplier test for heteroskedasticity	Linear regression	Weighted linear estimator
Chanzo asilia	White, H. (1980). A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica, 48(4), 817–838.	Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1979). A simple test for heteroscedasticity and random coefficient variation. Econometrica, 47(5), 1287–1294.	Wooldridge, J. M. (2019). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1337558860	Aitken, A. C. (1935). IV.—On least squares and linear combination of observations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 55, 42–48.
Majina mbadala	White's general heteroskedasticity test, White değişen varyans testi	BP test, Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey test, Lagrange multiplier test for heteroskedasticity, Breusch-Pagan değişen varyans testi	ordinary least squares, classical linear regression, linear regression, en küçük kareler regresyonu	WLS, weighted regression, heteroscedasticity-corrected OLS, variance-weighted least squares
Zinazohusiana	3	3	5	3
Muhtasari	The White test, introduced by Halbert White in 1980, is a general test for heteroskedasticity that makes no assumption about its functional form. It regresses the squared OLS residuals on the regressors, their squares, and their cross-products, so it can detect heteroskedasticity related to any of these terms. The same 1980 paper introduced the heteroskedasticity-consistent ('White') standard errors that are the standard remedy when the test rejects.	The Breusch-Pagan test, introduced by Trevor Breusch and Adrian Pagan in 1979, is a Lagrange-multiplier test for heteroskedasticity — the condition where the variance of a regression's errors changes with the explanatory variables. It works by regressing the squared OLS residuals on candidate variables and checking whether they explain any of the residual variation, signalling that the constant-variance assumption is violated.	Ordinary Least Squares is the classical linear regression method that explains a continuous outcome as a linear combination of predictors. It estimates the coefficients by minimising the sum of squared residuals, and under the Gauss-Markov assumptions these estimates are the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE).	Weighted Least Squares is a generalization of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression that assigns each observation a weight inversely proportional to its error variance, thereby down-weighting high-variance data points and up-weighting precise ones. Introduced in its general matrix form by Alexander Craig Aitken in 1935, WLS is the canonical remedy when heteroscedasticity is present and the error variance structure is known or can be reliably estimated.