Linganisha mbinu

	Wheelchair Skills Test	Psychosocial Impact of Assistive Devices Scale
Nyanja	Disability Studies	Disability Studies
Familia	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	2002	2002
Mwanzilishi	R. Lee Kirby and colleagues (Dalhousie University)	Jeffrey Jutai & Hy Day
Aina	Standardized wheelchair-skills performance assessment	Assistive-device psychosocial-impact measurement scale
Chanzo asilia	Kirby, R. L., Dupuis, D. J., MacPhee, A. H., Coolen, A. L., Smith, C., Best, K. L., Newton, A. M., Mountain, A. D., MacLeod, D. A., & Bonaparte, J. P. (2004). The Wheelchair Skills Test (version 2.4): measurement properties. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 85(5), 794-804.	Jutai, J., & Day, H. (2002). Psychosocial Impact of Assistive Devices Scale (PIADS). Technology and Disability, 14(3), 107-111.
Majina mbadala	WST, Wheelchair Skills Test, Wheelchair Skills Test Questionnaire, WST-Q	PIADS, Psychosocial Impact of Assistive Devices Scale, Assistive Device Psychosocial Impact Measure
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	The Wheelchair Skills Test (WST) is a standardized, objective assessment of how well a wheelchair user can perform a graded set of individual wheelchair skills, from basic maneuvers like rolling forward and turning to advanced ones like descending curbs and performing a stationary wheelie. Developed by R. Lee Kirby and colleagues at Dalhousie University and validated through a 2002 pilot and a 2004 measurement-properties study of version 2.4, the WST scores each skill for whether the user can perform it and how safely, then summarizes performance as a percentage of skills passed. It turns the diffuse notion of wheelchair mobility into a reliable, comparable, and trainable outcome.	The Psychosocial Impact of Assistive Devices Scale (PIADS) measures how an assistive device affects a user's quality of life, not whether they are satisfied with it or what it lets them physically do. Developed by Jeffrey Jutai and Hy Day, the 26-item self-report scale captures the device's perceived effect across three dimensions: competence (feelings of efficacy and usefulness), adaptability (willingness to try new things and take part), and self-esteem (emotional well-being and confidence). Each item is rated on a bipolar scale from a strong decrease to a strong increase, so the instrument registers whether a device improves, leaves unchanged, or harms the user's psychosocial functioning — a distinctively quality-of-life-oriented assistive-technology outcome.