Linganisha mbinu

	Kipimo cha Tathmini ya Hatari ya Majeraha ya Shinikizo cha Waterlow	Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (ADL)	Chombo cha Kuchunguza Utapiamlo (MST)
Nyanja	Uuguzi	Uuguzi	Uuguzi
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1985	1963	1999
Mwanzilishi	Judy Waterlow	Sidney Katz	Michelle Ferguson
Aina	Clinician-rated risk assessment tool	Clinician-rated or observational functional assessment	Patient self-report screening tool
Chanzo asilia	Waterlow, J. (1985). A risk assessment tool for pressure sores. Nursing Times, 81(48), 49-55.	Katz, S., Ford, A. B., Moskowitz, R. W., Jackson, B. A., & Jaffe, M. W. (1963). Studies of Illness in the Aged: The Index of ADL, a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. JAMA, 185(12), 914-919.	Ferguson, M., Capra, S., Bauer, J., & Banks, M. (1999). Development of a valid and reliable malnutrition screening tool for adult acute hospital patients. Nutrition, 15(6), 458-464.
Majina mbadala	Waterlow Scale, Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment, Waterlow Score	Katz Index, Katz ADL Scale, Index of ADL	MST, Malnutrition Screening, Nutritional Risk Screen
Zinazohusiana	3	3	3
Muhtasari	The Waterlow Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Scale, developed by Judy Waterlow in 1985, is a widely used clinical tool in nursing for identifying patients at risk of developing pressure injuries (formerly called pressure ulcers or bedsores). The scale evaluates multiple risk factors including age, mobility, skin condition, weight/body mass index, appetite, and incontinence status, generating a numerical risk score that guides preventive care intensity. It is standard in hospital, long-term care, and community nursing settings across the United Kingdom, Europe, and internationally.	The Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, developed by Sidney Katz and colleagues in 1963, is one of the earliest and most widely used tools for assessing functional status in older adults and persons with chronic illness. The scale evaluates six essential self-care activities (bathing, dressing, toileting, transfer, continence, feeding) through direct observation or interview and assigns an overall grade (A through G) reflecting the degree of independence. It remains a foundational instrument in geriatric assessment, rehabilitation medicine, and long-term care settings.	The Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST), developed by Michelle Ferguson and colleagues in 1999, is a brief, validated screening instrument designed to identify hospitalized patients at risk for malnutrition. The tool consists of two simple questions about recent unintentional weight loss and reduced food intake, yielding a quick numerical score. Since its publication, the MST has become widely adopted in acute hospitals, residential aged care facilities, and community settings as a rapid, reliable first-line screen for nutritional risk.