Linganisha mbinu

	Vertical Scaling	Kusawazisha Vipimo
Nyanja	Education	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	2014	1984 (modern statistical treatment)
Mwanzilishi	Educational measurement tradition (Thurstone; Kolen & Brennan synthesis)	Kolen & Brennan (foundational treatise, 2004/2014); Holland & Dorans (2006)
Aina	Construction of a single developmental score scale spanning multiple grades	Score transformation / latent-scale calibration
Chanzo asilia	Kolen, M. J., & Brennan, R. L. (2014). Test Equating, Scaling, and Linking: Methods and Practices (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 9781493903160	Kolen, M.J. & Brennan, R.L. (2014). Test Equating, Scaling, and Linking: Methods and Practices (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-1-4939-0316-6
Majina mbadala	Developmental Scaling, Vertical Linking, Cross-Grade Scaling, Growth Scale Construction	Test Eşitleme (Test Equating), score equating, equipercentile equating, IRT true-score equating
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Vertical scaling places tests written for different grade levels onto a single continuous score scale so that growth from one grade to the next can be measured in common units. Unlike horizontal equating, which links alternate forms intended to be interchangeable, vertical scaling deliberately links tests of differing difficulty and content to build a developmental continuum spanning, for example, grades 3 through 8. It is the measurement foundation that lets a fourth-grade and a fifth-grade score be subtracted to express how much a student grew.	Test equating is a family of statistical methods that converts scores earned on one test form onto the score scale of another form, so that scores from different administrations or versions can be compared and reported on a common metric. The foundational modern treatment is Kolen and Brennan (2004/2014); Holland and Dorans (2006) provide the authoritative chapter-length overview within the field of educational measurement.