Linganisha mbinu

	Variationist Sociolinguistics	Matched-Guise Technique
Nyanja	Isimu	Isimu
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1972	1960
Mwanzilishi	William Labov	Wallace Lambert and colleagues
Aina	Quantitative field study of socially conditioned linguistic variation	Indirect experimental measure of language attitudes
Chanzo asilia	Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic Patterns. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN: 9780812210521	Lambert, W. E., Hodgson, R. C., Gardner, R. C., & Fillenbaum, S. (1960). Evaluational reactions to spoken languages. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60(1), 44–51.
Majina mbadala	Variationist Analysis, Labovian Sociolinguistics, Quantitative Sociolinguistics	Matched Guise Test, Matched-Guise Experiment, Language Attitude Matched Guise
Zinazohusiana	4	2
Muhtasari	Variationist sociolinguistics is the quantitative study of how linguistic variation is structured by social and linguistic factors. Pioneered by William Labov in the 1960s and 1970s, it treats alternative ways of saying the same thing — the 'linguistic variable' — as systematically conditioned by speaker characteristics (class, age, sex, ethnicity), stylistic context, and the surrounding linguistic environment, and it uses statistical modeling of natural speech to reveal the orderly heterogeneity beneath apparent randomness.	The matched-guise technique is an indirect experimental method for measuring attitudes toward languages, dialects, and accents. Developed by Wallace Lambert and colleagues in 1960, it has the same bilingual or bidialectal speaker record the same passage in two or more language varieties ('guises'); listeners, believing they are hearing different speakers, rate each recording on personality and status traits. Because the voice, content, and delivery are held constant, any differences in the ratings can be attributed to listeners' attitudes toward the variety itself.