Linganisha mbinu

	Variationist Sociolinguistics	Discourse Completion Task
Nyanja	Isimu	Isimu
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1972	1989
Mwanzilishi	William Labov	Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Juliane House & Gabriele Kasper (CCSARP project)
Aina	Quantitative field study of socially conditioned linguistic variation	Written/oral elicitation instrument for speech-act data
Chanzo asilia	Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic Patterns. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN: 9780812210521	Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (Eds.) (1989). Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Ablex Publishing. ISBN: 9780893915131
Majina mbadala	Variationist Analysis, Labovian Sociolinguistics, Quantitative Sociolinguistics	Discourse Completion Test, DCT, Production Questionnaire
Zinazohusiana	4	3
Muhtasari	Variationist sociolinguistics is the quantitative study of how linguistic variation is structured by social and linguistic factors. Pioneered by William Labov in the 1960s and 1970s, it treats alternative ways of saying the same thing — the 'linguistic variable' — as systematically conditioned by speaker characteristics (class, age, sex, ethnicity), stylistic context, and the surrounding linguistic environment, and it uses statistical modeling of natural speech to reveal the orderly heterogeneity beneath apparent randomness.	The discourse completion task (DCT) is an elicitation instrument widely used in pragmatics to gather data on how people perform speech acts such as requests, apologies, refusals, and compliments. Respondents read short descriptions of situations and write (or say) what they would utter in each, allowing researchers to collect comparable speech-act data across many speakers, languages, and cultures under controlled conditions. It was popularized by the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) of Blum-Kulka, House, and Kasper in 1989.