Linganisha mbinu

	Turning Point Analysis	Life-Course Criminology Analysis
Nyanja	Criminology	Criminology
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1998	1993
Mwanzilishi	John H. Laub, Daniel S. Nagin & Robert J. Sampson	Robert J. Sampson & John H. Laub
Aina	Within-individual analysis of life events that redirect offending trajectories	Theoretical framework and longitudinal analytic strategy for offending over the life course
Chanzo asilia	Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2003). Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70. Harvard University Press. ISBN: 9780674011946	Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life. Harvard University Press. ISBN: 9780674176058
Majina mbadala	Life-Event Turning Point Analysis, Turning Points in Offending, Life-Transition Analysis of Crime, Redirection-of-Trajectory Analysis	Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control, Sampson-Laub Life-Course Theory, Developmental Life-Course Criminology, Life-Course Theory of Crime
Zinazohusiana	3	5
Muhtasari	Turning point analysis examines how specific life events — marriage, stable employment, military service, parenthood — redirect an individual's offending trajectory. Developed within Sampson and Laub's life-course program, it uses within-individual and counterfactual designs to ask whether the same person offends less after a transition than before, isolating the causal imprint of life events from the stable traits that select people into them.	Life-course criminology analyzes both continuity and change in offending across the entire life span, anchored in Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of informal social control. The core claim is that social bonds that emerge at different ages — strong marriages, stable employment, military service — function as informal social control that can redirect criminal trajectories, so that change is possible at any age and is not fully determined by childhood propensity.