Linganisha mbinu

	Kujifunza kwa uhamishaji	Jifunze kwa Kujisimamia
Nyanja	Ujifunzaji wa Mashine	Ujifunzaji wa Mashine
Familia	Machine learning	Machine learning
Mwaka wa asili	2010 (formalized); 1990s (early roots)	2018–2020
Mwanzilishi	Pan, S. J. & Yang, Q. (survey); Bengio, Y. (deep learning framing)	LeCun, Y. and community (formalized ~2018–2020)
Aina	Learning paradigm	Representation learning paradigm
Chanzo asilia	Pan, S. J., & Yang, Q. (2010). A Survey on Transfer Learning. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 22(10), 1345–1359.	LeCun, Y. & Misra, I. (2022). Self-supervised learning: The dark matter of intelligence. Meta AI Blog. https://ai.facebook.com/blog/self-supervised-learning-the-dark-matter-of-intelligence/
Majina mbadala	TL, domain adaptation, fine-tuning, pre-trained model adaptation	SSL, self-supervised pre-training, pretext-task learning, unsupervised representation learning
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	Transfer learning is a machine learning paradigm in which knowledge gained from training a model on a source task or domain is reused to improve learning on a different but related target task or domain. It is especially powerful when labeled data for the target task is scarce, and it underlies most modern deep learning applications in computer vision, natural language processing, and beyond.	Self-supervised learning (SSL) is a machine-learning paradigm that generates its own supervisory signal directly from unlabeled data by defining an auxiliary pretext task — such as predicting masked words, rotating images, or contrasting augmented views — and uses the learned representations as a powerful starting point for downstream tasks with minimal labeled examples.