Linganisha mbinu

	Tasnia na Tasnifu	Makala ya utafiti asili
Nyanja	Uandishi wa Kitaaluma	Uandishi wa Kitaaluma
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1200	1665
Mwanzilishi	Medieval university tradition (12th century onward)	Scientific research community
Aina	Document Type	Document Type
Chanzo asilia	American Psychological Association (2020). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). APA. ISBN: 978-1-4338-3216-1	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2023). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. ICMJE.
Majina mbadala	master's thesis, PhD dissertation, doctoral thesis, graduate thesis	research paper, empirical article, primary research, journal article
Zinazohusiana	2	5
Muhtasari	A thesis (Master's level) or dissertation (doctoral level) is an original research document required for completion of graduate degree programs, serving as the capstone of a student's graduate training. A Master's thesis typically represents 1–2 years of research; a PhD dissertation, 3–5 years. Both require original empirical or theoretical contribution, demonstration of mastery in a discipline, and successful oral defense before faculty committee. Theses and dissertations establish academic credentials, document scholarly work, and are archived in institutional and national repositories (ProQuest, EThOS) for access by scholars worldwide.	An original research article is the primary vehicle for reporting new empirical findings in a discipline. Following the IMRaD structure (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion), it represents a researcher's novel data, analysis, and interpretation. The journal article format has been the gold standard for scientific communication since the establishment of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1665.