Linganisha mbinu

	Uhakiki wa Matini	Uchanganuzi wa Wigo
Nyanja	Mbinu za Uwandani	Utafiti wa Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Antiquity; modern systematic method c. 1850s (Lachmann)	1989 (Fairclough); 1987 (Potter & Wetherell)
Mwanzilishi	Classical philologists (Karl Lachmann foremost in systematic method)	Norman Fairclough; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell
Aina	Humanistic / philological research method	Method
Chanzo asilia	West, M. L. (1973). Textual Criticism and Editorial Technique Applicable to Greek and Latin Texts. Teubner. ISBN: 978-3519074014	Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman.
Majina mbadala	lower criticism, editorial criticism, philological criticism, manuscript criticism	DA, Critical Discourse Analysis, Discursive Analysis
Zinazohusiana	5	2
Muhtasari	Textual criticism is a systematic philological method for identifying, comparing, and evaluating variant readings across multiple manuscript or print witnesses of a text in order to reconstruct the most accurate version of the original — or the author's intended — text. Applied since antiquity to classical, biblical, and literary works, it remains the foundational editorial method in classical studies, biblical scholarship, medieval studies, and critical editing of literary works.	Discourse analysis is a qualitative research methodology that examines how language, communication, and power shape meaning, identity, and social reality. Developed across linguistics, sociology, and psychology (particularly by Norman Fairclough and Jonathan Potter), discourse analysis goes beyond content to analyze language use as a social practice that constitutes and reflects power relations, ideologies, and social structures.