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| Kusawazisha Vipimo× | Uchanganuzi wa Kimfumo wa Uhakiki (CFA)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Saikometriki | Saikometriki |
| Familia | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1984 (modern statistical treatment) | 1969 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Kolen & Brennan (foundational treatise, 2004/2014); Holland & Dorans (2006) | Karl Gustav Jöreskog |
| Aina≠ | Score transformation / latent-scale calibration | Hypothesis-testing latent variable model |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Kolen, M.J. & Brennan, R.L. (2014). Test Equating, Scaling, and Linking: Methods and Practices (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-1-4939-0316-6 | Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202. DOI ↗ |
| Majina mbadala≠ | Test Eşitleme (Test Equating), score equating, equipercentile equating, IRT true-score equating | CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis |
| Zinazohusiana | 4 | 4 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Test equating is a family of statistical methods that converts scores earned on one test form onto the score scale of another form, so that scores from different administrations or versions can be compared and reported on a common metric. The foundational modern treatment is Kolen and Brennan (2004/2014); Holland and Dorans (2006) provide the authoritative chapter-length overview within the field of educational measurement. | Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing. |
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