Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Dhiki ya Teknolojia	Kielelezo cha Utayari wa Teknolojia
Nyanja	Mifumo ya Taarifa	Mifumo ya Taarifa
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2007	2000
Mwanzilishi	Tarafdar, Tu, Ragu-Nathan	Ajay Parasuraman
Aina	Likert-scale stress measure	Likert-scale questionnaire
Chanzo asilia	Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Ragu-Nathan, T. S. (2007). The impact of technostress on role stress and productivity. Journal of Management Information Systems, 24(1), 301-328.	Parasuraman, A., & Colby, C. L. (2015). An updated and streamlined Technology Readiness Index. Journal of Service Research, 18(1), 59-74.
Majina mbadala	Techno-stress, Technology-induced stress	TRI, Parasuraman Technology Readiness
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The Technostress Scale, developed by Tarafdar, Tu, Ragu-Nathan, and colleagues (2007), measures the stress and negative emotions experienced by employees due to information technology use in the workplace. The scale captures five dimensions of technostress: techno-overload (excessive workload from technology demands), techno-invasion (inability to disconnect from work), techno-complexity (difficulty mastering new technology), techno-insecurity (fear of job loss due to automation), and techno-uncertainty (constant changes in technology). Technostress is linked to decreased productivity, increased burnout, and job dissatisfaction.	The Technology Readiness Index (TRI) was developed by Ajay Parasuraman in 2000 to measure individual propensity to adopt and use new technologies. The TRI assesses a person's personal attitudes toward technology across four dimensions: optimism, innovativeness, discomfort, and insecurity. Updated in 2015 with a streamlined 16-item version, the TRI helps identify technology adopter segments and predict behavior across diverse technology contexts.