Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Dhiki ya Teknolojia	Kiwango cha Wasiwasi wa Kompyuta
Nyanja	Mifumo ya Taarifa	Mifumo ya Taarifa
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2007	1987
Mwanzilishi	Tarafdar, Tu, Ragu-Nathan	Rosen, Sears & Weil
Aina	Likert-scale stress measure	Likert-scale anxiety measure
Chanzo asilia	Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Ragu-Nathan, T. S. (2007). The impact of technostress on role stress and productivity. Journal of Management Information Systems, 24(1), 301-328.	Rosen, L. D., Sears, D. C., & Weil, M. M. (1987). Computerphobia. Journal of School Psychology, 25(3), 221-232.
Majina mbadala	Techno-stress, Technology-induced stress	CARS, Computer Anxiety Rating Scale
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The Technostress Scale, developed by Tarafdar, Tu, Ragu-Nathan, and colleagues (2007), measures the stress and negative emotions experienced by employees due to information technology use in the workplace. The scale captures five dimensions of technostress: techno-overload (excessive workload from technology demands), techno-invasion (inability to disconnect from work), techno-complexity (difficulty mastering new technology), techno-insecurity (fear of job loss due to automation), and techno-uncertainty (constant changes in technology). Technostress is linked to decreased productivity, increased burnout, and job dissatisfaction.	The Computer Anxiety Rating Scale (CARS) was developed by Rosen, Sears, and Weil in 1987 to measure the emotional distress and fear individuals experience when thinking about using computers or engaging with computer technology. CARS is a foundational instrument in understanding psychological barriers to technology adoption and has been widely applied across education, workplace training, and organizational digital transformation contexts.