Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Technoference	Kiwango cha Matumizi ya Mitandao ya Kijamii kwa Njia ya Kawaida
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Mitandao ya Kijamii	Saikolojia ya Mitandao ya Kijamii
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2016	2018
Mwanzilishi	Brandon T. McDaniel and Sarah M. Coyne	Jae-Won Hur (and related work by Verduyn, Valkenburg, and others)
Aina	Self-report	Self-report
Chanzo asilia	McDaniel, B. T., & Coyne, S. M. (2016). Technology interference in the context of romantic relationships. In R. E. Ackerman (Ed.), The psychology of social networking (Vol. 1, pp. 86–102). Nova Publishers.	Hur, J.-W. (2018). The impact of using social media on reducing social isolation. The Internet and Higher Education, 38, 21–28.
Majina mbadala	Technoference, Phone Interference	PSMUSES, Passive Use
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The Technoference Scale measures the degree to which smartphone and technology use interferes with interpersonal relationships, particularly in romantic partnerships, families, and close relationships. Developed by McDaniel and Coyne in the mid-2010s, this construct captures a modern phenomenon where digital devices create physical or psychological distance during face-to-face interaction, reducing relationship quality and satisfaction.	The Passive Social Media Use Scale measures the extent to which individuals engage in passive consumption—scrolling, lurking, and observing others' content—versus active participation like posting, commenting, and messaging. Developed to distinguish between active (interactive) and passive (consumptive) social media behaviors, this scale recognizes that passive use patterns are associated with distinct psychological outcomes including reduced wellbeing and increased social comparison.