Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Utafiti	Utafiti wa Maelezo
Nyanja	Muundo wa Utafiti	Muundo wa Utafiti
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Late 19th century; methodologically systematised 1940s–1960s	Late 19th century; formalized in social/behavioral sciences ~1960s–1980s
Mwanzilishi	Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; systematised by Paul Lazarsfeld and colleagues at Columbia in the 1940s	Francis Galton, Karl Pearson (early empirical tradition); formalized in social science by Fred Kerlinger
Aina	Quantitative (and mixed) non-experimental design	Non-experimental quantitative research design
Chanzo asilia	Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey Research Methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1452259000	Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1452226101
Majina mbadala	survey methodology, questionnaire research, survey design, survey study	descriptive study, descriptive survey design, observational descriptive research, non-experimental descriptive research
Zinazohusiana	4	3
Muhtasari	Survey research is a quantitative (and sometimes mixed-methods) design in which a researcher collects standardised self-report data from a sample drawn from a defined population, using a questionnaire or structured interview. It is the dominant non-experimental strategy for describing population characteristics, estimating prevalence, mapping attitude distributions, and testing bivariate or multivariate associations across social, behavioural, and health sciences.	Descriptive research is a non-experimental quantitative design that systematically documents the characteristics, frequencies, or distributions of variables in a defined population at a given point in time. It answers 'what is' questions — who, what, when, where, and how much — without manipulating variables or drawing causal conclusions. It is one of the most widely used research designs across the social, behavioral, health, and education sciences.