Linganisha mbinu

	Kipimo cha Ukoanifu wa Johansen chenye Kuvunjika kwa Muundo	Kipimo cha Vikomo vya ARDL cha Mvunjiko wa Kiunzi
Nyanja	Ekonometriki	Ekonometriki
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	2000–2001	2001–2010s
Mwanzilishi	Johansen (1988); structural-break extensions by Saikkonen & Lütkepohl (2000) and Lütkepohl, Müller & Saikkonen (2001)	Pesaran, Shin & Smith (bounds framework); structural break extensions by Bahmani-Oskooee, Enders & Jones, and others
Aina	Cointegration test / VECM estimation	Cointegration / bounds test
Chanzo asilia	Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2–3), 231–254.	Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326.
Majina mbadala	Johansen cointegration with breaks, break-robust Johansen test, cointegration test with regime shifts, structural change Johansen VECM	SB-ARDL bounds test, ARDL bounds test with structural break, Fourier ARDL bounds test, break-augmented bounds testing
Zinazohusiana	5	6
Muhtasari	The structural break Johansen cointegration test extends the standard maximum-likelihood Johansen procedure to settings where the multivariate time series exhibits level shifts or trend breaks. By incorporating dummy variables or shift regressors into the VECM, the test determines the cointegrating rank without confounding genuine long-run relationships with regime changes.	The structural break ARDL bounds test extends the Pesaran, Shin and Smith (2001) bounds testing framework to accommodate one or more structural breaks in the long-run relationship between time-series variables. By incorporating break dummies or smooth Fourier terms into the ARDL error-correction equation, it allows researchers to test for cointegration even when the data have experienced shifts in intercept or slope caused by policy changes, crises, or regime switches.