Linganisha mbinu

	Uchanganuzi wa Kujitenga	Uainishaji wa Maandishi
Nyanja	Uchimbaji wa Matini	Uchimbaji wa Matini
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1996 (lexicon approach); 2010 (CoNLL shared task)	—
Mwanzilishi	Hyland, K. (lexicon-based framing, 1996); Farkas et al. (shared-task benchmark, 2010)	—
Aina	NLP text-classification task	Supervised NLP classification task
Chanzo asilia	Hyland, K. (1996). Writing Without Conviction? Hedging in Science Research Articles. Applied Linguistics, 17(4), 433-454.	Joachims, T. (1998). Text Categorization with Support Vector Machines: Learning with Many Relevant Features. ECML 1998. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 1398. Springer.
Majina mbadala	hedging detection, epistemic modality analysis, hedge detection, Belirsizlik / Spekülasyon Tespiti (Hedging)	text categorization, document classification, topic classification, metin sınıflandırma
Zinazohusiana	5	4
Muhtasari	Speculation detection, also known as hedging analysis, is a natural-language-processing task that identifies epistemic uncertainty markers — words and phrases such as 'may', 'possibly', 'it is suggested that' — within scientific, biomedical, and news texts. Formalised by Hyland (1996) for scientific writing and benchmarked by the CoNLL-2010 shared task, the method reveals where authors signal incomplete knowledge, tentativeness, or distance from a claim rather than asserting facts directly.	Text classification, also called text categorization, is a supervised natural-language-processing task that automatically assigns documents to predefined categories. Building on the support-vector-machine approach to text categorization established by Joachims (1998) and consolidated in the text-mining literature by Aggarwal and Zhai (2012), it powers tasks such as spam detection and topic classification by learning from labelled examples.