Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi wa Uh sensitive wa Kina kwa Uelekezi	Kielelezo cha Hitilafu za Kina (SEM)
Nyanja	Uhitimisho wa Kisababishi	Uchanganuzi wa Kimaeneo
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1988–2021 (developed progressively)	1988
Mwanzilishi	Anselin (1988) for spatial diagnostics; Reich et al. (2021) for spatial causal frameworks	Anselin
Aina	Sensitivity / robustness analysis	Spatial regression (spatially autocorrelated errors)
Chanzo asilia	Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. ISBN: 978-9024737322	Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Kluwer Academic.
Majina mbadala	spatial causal sensitivity, spatial robustness checks, SSAC, spatial confounding sensitivity	SEM, spatial error regression, spatial autoregressive error model, Uzamsal Hata Modeli (SEM / Spatial Error)
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Spatial sensitivity analysis for causality systematically tests whether a causal estimate derived from georeferenced data holds up as spatial structure, spillovers, and the choice of spatial weights matrix are varied. Because nearby units often share unmeasured confounders — soil quality, local infrastructure, neighbourhood norms — a naive regression may yield biased causal estimates. This method reveals how fragile or robust a claimed causal effect is to alternative spatial specifications.	The Spatial Error Model, developed within Anselin's spatial econometrics framework (1988), is a regression model that assumes spatial dependence enters through the error term: the disturbances of neighbouring units are correlated. It is used when unobserved shared factors make the errors of nearby observations move together, and it is estimated by maximum likelihood or GMM rather than ordinary least squares.