Linganisha mbinu

	Kipimo cha Mahali pa Dawa ya Angani	Muundo wa Usambazaji wa Regression wa Kijiografia (Spatial RDD)
Nyanja	Uhitimisho wa Kisababishi	Uhitimisho wa Kisababishi
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	2000s–2010s	2010s
Mwanzilishi	Developed organically in spatial econometrics and geographic RDD literature; prominent use in Dell (2010) and related work	Popularized by Dell (2010); formalized for geographic boundaries by Keele & Titiunik (2015)
Aina	Falsification / robustness check	Quasi-experimental causal inference
Chanzo asilia	Buonanno, P., Montolio, D., & Vanin, P. (2009). Does Social Capital Reduce Crime? Journal of Law and Economics, 52(1), 145-170.	Dell, M. (2010). The Persistent Effects of Peru's Mining Mita. Econometrica, 78(6), 1863-1903.
Majina mbadala	geographic placebo test, spatial falsification test, spatial robustness check, geographic spillover test	Spatial RDD, Geographic RDD, Border RD Design, Geographic Discontinuity Design
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	A spatial placebo test is a falsification check used in geographic or spatial causal-inference studies. The analyst applies the same estimation procedure to spatial units, boundaries, or zones where no treatment effect should exist — fake borders, shifted cutoffs, or buffer areas beyond spillover range — and checks whether a spurious effect emerges. A non-significant result in the placebo region supports the credibility of the main causal estimate.	Spatial Regression Discontinuity Design uses a geographic or administrative boundary as the threshold that assigns units to treatment. Observations just inside one side of the boundary are compared with those just outside it, exploiting the near-random variation in treatment status near the cutoff to recover a local causal effect. The approach is widely used in economics, political science, and public health when policies or institutions change sharply at a border.