Linganisha mbinu

	Uiguzi wa Kijamii wa Kijiografia	Kichujio cha Kalman
Nyanja	Mbinu za Bayes	Mbinu za Bayes
Familia	Bayesian methods	Bayesian methods
Mwaka wa asili	1990s–2000s	1960
Mwanzilishi	Lahiri and others, building on Efron's bootstrap (1979)	Rudolf E. Kalman
Aina	Resampling / simulation	recursive Bayesian filter
Chanzo asilia	Lahiri, S. N. (2003). Resampling Methods for Dependent Data. Springer. ISBN: 978-0387009285	Kalman, R. E. (1960). A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems. Journal of Basic Engineering, 82(1), 35-45.
Majina mbadala	spatial block bootstrap, spatial resampling, geostatistical bootstrap, bootstrap for spatial data	linear quadratic estimator, LQE, Kalman-Bucy filter, optimal recursive filter
Zinazohusiana	4	5
Muhtasari	Spatial bootstrap simulation is a resampling technique designed for spatially dependent data. By resampling contiguous spatial blocks rather than independent observations, it preserves the local autocorrelation structure of the data and yields valid estimates of sampling variability for statistics computed on geographic or lattice observations.	The Kalman filter is an optimal recursive algorithm for estimating the hidden state of a linear dynamical system from noisy measurements. At each time step it alternates between a prediction step — projecting the state forward using the system model — and an update step that corrects the prediction with the new observation, producing minimum-variance state estimates and their uncertainty in real time.