Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Kiwango cha Umoja wa Kijamii× | Kiwango cha Mawasiliano baina ya Vikundi× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Sosholojia ya Siasa | Sosholojia ya Siasa |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1997–2006 | 1954–2008 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Robert Sampson, Ray Forrest, Akhtar Kearns | Gordon Allport, Thomas Pettigrew, Linda Tropp |
| Aina | Self-report questionnaire | Self-report questionnaire |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918-924. DOI ↗ | Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley. link ↗ |
| Majina mbadala | SCS, Social Integration Index | ICS, Contact Quality Index |
| Zinazohusiana | 5 | 5 |
| Muhtasari≠ | The Social Cohesion Scale measures the degree to which members of a community feel integrated, connected, and unified by shared values and mutual support. Developed across multiple traditions—notably by Robert Sampson and colleagues in criminology and urban sociology, and by Forrest & Kearns in housing research—it assesses both the structural glue (institutions, networks) and affective bonds (belonging, solidarity) that hold communities together. | The Intergroup Contact Scale measures the quantity and quality of face-to-face interaction between members of different social groups (racial, ethnic, religious, national, or other categories). Rooted in Gordon Allport's contact hypothesis (1954), which proposed that prejudice decreases when groups interact under favorable conditions, the scale is fundamental in research on prejudice reduction, integration, and intergroup relations. |
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